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Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King Jr. are both famous for their one of a kind speeches. Their speeches, “I Have a Dream” and “Gettysburg Address”, are the similar and indifferent at different points throughout the speeches. Although, the rhetorical situation is the same throughout. They both want to end racism, and they both want a better well-structured government. They want unity throughout our nation. Though they may want the same thing, they had different styles of how they wrote their speeches. The time they wrote their speeches was also a contrast. Lincoln wrote his in 1863, right after the Civil War, King wrote his in 1963, almost a century after. Lincoln and King both had similarities and differences in their speeches. Lincoln and King both wanted unity and to be a whole nation. They wanted the North and the South to become one whole. In Lincoln’s speech, he uses the word “we” a lot, referring to the country as one. Looking farther, both speakers used personification to deliver a part of their message. In one part of Lincoln’s speech, he uses the term “shall have a new birth of freedom.” He’s originally saying that we will have new freedoms. That we will have a new nation, to start over with. Also, “I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight.” King is saying that everything will be equal to everyone and everything. One difference I noticed throughout reading these, was the style they each used. Lincoln uses small words and phrases to relate to his audience, while King uses big words and his tone is serious and wanting and demanding, to get his audience to know how important and serious this is to him. Lincoln’s tone while he is speaking more peaceful and calming, but King puts passion behind his words. He is forceful with his words. Even though they both have different styles of speaking and writing, they both have the same overall meaning to their words. Also, looking into the lengths of their speeches, the Gettysburg Address is relatively short, barely reaching the three-minute mark. On the other hand, “I Have a Dream” is close to 17-minutes long. King went into detail with his speech, wanting to make people realize how important this was to him and others. While Lincoln told his speech short and it was straight to the point. All in all, Lincoln and King, i have noted, have had the same message throughout their speeches. They both have their individual way of relaying that message, but they got it through to the people. Lincoln and King had different styles that appeared to the audience.
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President John F. Kennedy said, “This nation…was founded on the principle that all men are created equal, and that the rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened” (Kennedy). Both Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King, Jr. worked to progress civil rights and democracy in America, each in his own time. Their speeches “The Gettysburg Address” and “I Have a Dream” each beautifully use rhetoric to express the speakers’ views on the patriotic theme of democracy.
Both of these great men were excellent persuasive speakers, utilizing the devices of ethos, logos, and pathos effectively. They both use ethos by referring to American historical documents to establish credibility. As to logos, both men agree that America has made a promise, but failed to fulfill it. Their use of pathos is shown in their references to spirituality. However, there are also some differences in the way they use these three devices. Obviously, the historical documents they reference are different. King specifically refers to the Emancipation Proclamation, which had been written 100 years earlier by Lincoln himself. Lincoln only alludes to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution in his opening sentence. Also, while both men agree that blacks have been denied their unalienable rights, Lincoln’s perspective was very specific to slavery. King was demanding more than just freedom from slavery: school desegregation, voting rights, and fair housing were just a few of his goals. Both speeches appeal strongly to human emotion. However, as a black man himself, King was able to draw from personal experience of injustice to reach his audience. As the white president of the United States, Lincoln had never faced racial injustice himself and was unable to include that in his speech. These two patriots were obviously educated in knowing and effectively using ethos, logos, and pathos.
In addition to their powerful use of persuasion, these men revealed their views on democracy in their speeches. Lincoln made his view crystal clear in his ending statement “that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” He passionately believed that thousands of lives had been lost to preserve the American form of government. The issue of slavery was a separate issue to him from that of democracy. King, on the other hand, did not believe that democracy could even exist without complete racial equality. He says, “Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice.” While both men believed in and longed for democracy, their definitions of true and total democracy differed.
Finally, both of these speeches reveal much about the theme of democracy and the nation in which they were written. Probably the most basic definition of democracy is “rule by the people.” “The Gettysburg Address” clearly shows that the American democracy at that time was in danger of collapsing, as the country was split violently in two. It recalls a time when a massive portion of the population was wrongly imprisoned and tortured, right on American soil. It recalls a time in which our country was not unified, when brothers turned against brothers, when both the North and South feared the loss of what they perceived to be the American way of life. Perhaps sadder still, “I Have a Dream,” was presented during a time when most Americans thought their country was free, that the status quo was just fine. They believed in a democracy that did not truly exist. It recalls a time when Americans should have already been enlightened, but when racial injustice took place on a daily basis, with the approval and sanction of most of the population. In spite of its deficiencies, Lincoln and King believed that America had the potential to be the greatest country in the world.
Both “The Gettysburg Address” and “I Have a Dream” are eloquent speeches about freedom and democracy. Lincoln and King were experienced speakers who knew how to use ethos, logos, and pathos to persuade their audiences. Both men believed in the concept of democracy, although with different opinions on its definition. Their speeches are extremely revealing about the unacceptable state of American society in their times. People can still learn to be better by reading, examining, and gleaning truth from these speeches.
Works Cited
Kennedy, John F. “Radio and Television Report to the American People on Civil Rights, June 11, 1963.” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, JFK Library Foundation,
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