The z-score for Vanessa's exam grade is -1
Here, we want to calculate Vanessa's z-score for her exam score
Mathematically, we can calculate the z-score using the formula;
[tex]\begin{gathered} z-\text{score = }\frac{x\text{ - }\mu}{\sigma} \\ \\ \text{where x is the raw score which is 65 in this case} \\ \mu\text{ is the mean score which is 69 in this case} \\ \sigma\text{ is the standard deviation which is 4 in this case} \\ \\ \text{Substituting these values;} \\ \\ z-\text{score = }\frac{65-69}{4}\text{ = }\frac{-4}{4}\text{ = -1} \end{gathered}[/tex]