Speciation occurs when a population suffers divergence. Genetic flow is interrupted between the new groups that keep reproducing and going through mutations. Reproductive isolation emerges. Option B. Speciation.
Speciation
Occurs when the original population is divided into two or more groups and each group is exposed to different environments.
Each group reproduces for many generations, going through many changes or mutations.
These changes will depend on each group's environment and its ecological pressures.
Pressures act on individuals and make them adapt to the new environmental conditions.
Generation after generation, the genotype of individuals will increase the fitness to survive and reproduce.
The fixation of mutations will increase the difference among both groups, up to the diverging point into two new species.
Allopatric speciation
There are different types of speciation. One of them is Allopatric speciation.
Allopatric speciation refers to the geographical separation of a continuous genetic population, originating two or more new geographically isolated groups.
During these events of speciation, emerging new barriers impede genetic flow between groups. The two new populations that are separated can not get together and mate anymore.
These barriers might be geographical or ecological.
After the emergence of the barrier, the two populations evolved separately in different new species.
Two different species that evolved in allopatry might meet again in secondary contact if the barrier that separated them, disappears. However, they will not be able to mate and reproduce due to prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation.
The exposed example is a case of speciation, in which the chimpanzees' habitat was fragmented and a town was built.
The town acts as the barrier between the two diverged groups, impeding them to meet.
Genetic flow is interrupted and each group keeps reproducing separately, and mutating, leading to genetic changes and reproductive isolation.
After a long period of time, the chimpanzees came back into contact but were incapable of breeding.
This process is speciation. Option B.
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