Beale Management has a noncontributory, defined benefit pension plan. On December 31, 2018 (the end of Beale's fiscal year), the following pension-related data were available: Projected Benefit Obligation ($ in millions) Balance, January 1, 2018 $ 460 Service cost 48 Interest cost, discount rate, 5% 23 Gain due to changes in actuarial assumptions in 2018 (14 ) Pension benefits paid (23 ) Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 494