The book falling to the floor is described by Newton's second law and Newton's third law
Explanation:
Newton's first law of motion states that:
"An object moving at constant velocity (or at rest) keeps moving at constant velocity (or will stay at rest) unless acted upon unbalanced, external forces"
For a book falling to the floor, there is an unbalanced force acting on it (the force of gravity): therefore, we cannot apply Newton's first law.
Newton's second law of motion states that:
"The net force acting on an object is equal to the product between the object's mass, m, and its acceleration, a"
Mathematically:
[tex]F=ma[/tex]
For the book falling to the floor, F is the force of gravity; therefore, we can apply Newton's second law, and in this case it tells us that the book has a non-zero acceleration during its fall.
In particular, the force of gravity is [tex]F=mg[/tex] (where [tex]g[/tex] is the acceleration due to gravity), so the acceleration of the book is
[tex]mg=ma\\a=g=9.8 m/s^2[/tex]
Newton's third law of motion states that:
"When an object A exerts a force (action force) on an object B, then object B exerts an equal and opposite force (reaction force) on object A".
In this case, the Earth is exerting a force (the force of gravity) on the book during its fall: therefore, the book is also exerting a equal and opposite force (reaction force) on the Earth.
Learn more about Newton laws of motion:
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