In one state, a mortgagee holds a lien on real property offered as collateral for a loan. The mortgagor retains both legal and equitable title to real property. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the lender must go through formal foreclosure proceedings to recover the debt. This state can be BEST characterized as what kind of state?
A) Intermediate theory
B) Mortgage theory
C) Title theory
D) Lien theory