Which of the following is NOT directly associated with President Herbert Hoover?
a. sharp criticism directed at him for his handling of the Bonus Expeditionary Force protest in 1932
b. support for raising tariff barriers to foreign products, as a way to help the American economy after the stock crash of 1929
c. stubborn resistance to government programs to provide relief to the poor, because it would undermine their "self-reliance" and individual linitiative
d. concern about land foreclosures against the American farmer, who he called "the first orphan in the storm