After Griffin failed an exam at school, he complains to his mother that the test was too hard and that he was not given enough time to finish the exam. His mother asks, "Are you certain that all the time you spent playing video games last weekend instead of studying has nothing to do with your grade?" Griffin's initial explanation for why he performed poorly on the test illustrates which is one example of a defensive attribution?
1) a self-serving bias
2) hindsight bias
3) the snowball effect
4) polarization